E.
F.
II
III
IV
Further minimum safeguards
1.
No requirement for individual reasonable
suspicion
2.
No prior independent authorisation
3.
No requirement for subsequent notification of
interception measures
72
72
The bulk interception regime is unnecessary and
disproportionate
1.
The test: “strict necessity”
2.
s8(4) is not strictly necessary for the
safeguarding of democratic institutions
3.
Conclusion on necessity and proportionality of
the bulk interception regime.
4.
Response to the IPT’s handling of questions of
proportionality in its Third Judgment
a.
No proper consideration of the general
proportionality of the s8(4) regime
b.
Deliberate targeting of human rights
organisations
79
INTELLIGENCE
CONVENTION
SHARING
BREACHES
THE
74
77
79
81
83
85
85
87
87
A.
Factual premises
88
B.
Minimum safeguards are required when the
Government accesses information intercepted by a
foreign intelligence agency
90
C.
The UK legal regime on intelligence sharing lacks the
required minimum safeguards
96
VICTIM STATUS
98
A.
Scope of the legislation
98
B.
Availability and effectiveness of remedies
100
VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 14, TAKEN TOGETHER
WITH ARTICLES 8 AND/OR 10
101
A.
Relevant difference in treatment
102
B.
Justification
103
4